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When no fuel is present, another group called a diacid that is attached to the rotor bumps into the stationary group, preventing rotation.

A combination of two fuel molecules changes the configuration of the diacid, however, first eliminating the blockage, which allows the rotor to spin, and then restoring the blockage, ensuring the rotor can’t spin backward.

He figured out a way to use microbes to turn wax into a nylon chemical building block called diacid.

Using the proceeds from a previously successful start-up and $4 million from venture investors, Liu got CIB off the ground in 1997 on the strength of his fermentation process for producing diacid.

And diacid can be used to make lubricants and diabetes drugs.