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Before long, that dramatic discovery led to a place and turning point called Dienbienphu.

Ten months later, just weeks before the French defeat at Dienbienphu, Paris granted his demand and Sihanouk returned home in triumph.

When its 6,200-man garrison came under siege and heavy artillery bombardment from the North Vietnamese in mid-January, some observers saw an ominous similarity to Dienbienphu.

From time to time, its crackerjack pilots moonlighted, accepting such missions as dropping French paratroopers into Dienbienphu in 1954.

Dulles first raised the possibility of U.S. military intervention soon after the siege of Dienbienphu began.