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NMNAT2 is a vital provider of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide for the brain.

Their findings reveal a previously unknown dinucleotide binding pocket within the DnaA oligomer, where two bases of a repeating DnaA-trio sequence tightly bind, enabling the capture of a single DNA strand.

In response to an unknown viral cue, the bacterial cGAS-like enzyme CdnE produces the cyclic dinucleotide 3′,3′ c-di-GMP, in which the nucleotides are joined only by 3′–5′ linkages.

Figure 1 | A cellular defence pathway that protects bacteria and humans. a, On recognition of signs of infection, such as the abnormal presence of cytoplasmic DNA, the human enzyme cGAS produces a type of molecule termed a cyclic dinucleotide.

Research by Charles Brenner of the University of Iowa, Anthony Fehr of the University of Kansas and Michael Coehn of Oregon Health & Science University are examining the role of a substance central to cell metabolism, known as nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, or NAD.