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“Yes, we did work on ectoparasites and receive samples,” Silaghi says.

In all three surveys, participants had distinct reactions to the ectoparasite videos when compared with the pathogen videos.

Lyme disease, anaplasmosis and other diseases can be passed along by these ectoparasites, and different critters carry different pathogens.

“There is a distinct possibility that these findings may be an artefact of using marks that simulate ectoparasites,” he said.

“There were only four ectoparasites found, across all the nests,” Thoemmes said.