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When the researchers apply an alternating electric field, the pendulum-like sensors swing back and forth -- flinging off proteins within a mere minute and catching others.

In a cavity’s lowest mode, the radio waves’ electric field oscillates uniformly up and down along the cavity axis.

These devices can take many forms, such as a collection of superconducting circuits, or a lattice of atoms or ions held in place by lasers or electric fields.

Unlike electrons, ions move due to both electric fields and diffusion, and the researchers determined that their movements at pore intersections are different from what was described in Kirchhoff's law.

Caterpillars respond defensively to electric fields similar to those emitted by their natural predators, scientists at the University of Bristol have found.