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Each is equipped with 21 electrometers, to separate the mobilities and determine the concentrations of positive and negative ions simultaneously.

The data inversion that converts the measured electrometer currents to particle concentrations is based on model calculations simulating trajectories of particles with different mobilities, and on calibration measurements of the internal losses.

Accelerated particles would strike this strip at the end of their spiral journeys, with their final energies to be measured by an electrometer wired to it.

It was a fitting experiment: cosmic rays were discovered in 1912 when Austrian physicist Victor Hess carried electrometers to about 5,000 metres in a perilous open basket beneath a balloon.

Thomson's absolute electrometer is based upon an ingenious modification of the electrical balance of Harris and Volta.