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As long as all the grid-connected generators are balanced with the power demand on the grid, the torque applied by the turbine is precisely balanced by the electromotive force in the coils.

He went on to show that the total heat produced in any voltaic circuit was proportional to the electromotive force E of the battery and to the number of equivalents electrolysed in it.

From this result Thomson proceeded to calculate the electromotive forces required to effect chemical changes of different kinds, and those of various types of voltaic cell.

As this time is greater than half the period, it occurs that an opposing electromotive force begins to act while the current is still flowing.

Whatever sets up the electric disturbance, whether it be the action of sulphuric acid on zinc, or caustic potash on iron, etc., is called electromotive force, generally abbreviated E.M.F.