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To develop cuprous oxides to the point where they can be a credible contender to established photovoltaic materials, they need to be optimised so they can efficiently generate and move electric charges -- made of an electron and a positively-charged electron 'hole' -- when sunlight hits them.

These extra electrons -- or holes -- do not participate in atomic bonding but sometimes bind to excitons -- quasi-particles consisting of an electron and an electron hole -- in semiconductors and other condensed matter.

Recently, the team used Hawk to simulate how excitons -- a pairing of an optically exited electron and the electron "hole" it leaves behind -- can be controlled and moved within solar cells so more energy is captured.

Strontium titanate produces electron–hole pairs by absorbing ultraviolet light.

In this process, the energy generated by the electron–hole merger is transferred to another charge carrier, and a photon is not emitted. c, Won et al.3 demonstrate QDs that are highly efficient light emitters, because Auger recombination is suppressed.