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In thin layers and at large enough magnetic fields, this resistance begins to develop discreet steps with values of exactly h/ne2, where h is the Planck's constant, e is the elementary charge, and n is an integer number.

At Cal Tech, physicist Robert Millikan brought home the first of Southern California’s dozens of Nobel Prizes “for his work on the elementary charge of electricity and on the photoelectric effect.”

He was the institution’s first Nobel laureate — in physics in 1923, for establishing the elementary charge of the electron.

The four will be based on Planck's constant, the elementary charge, the Boltzmann constant and the Avogadro constant, respectively.