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These structures are of the nature of an epicalyx.

Pleiotaxy or repetition of the calyx.—The true calyx is very seldom affected in this manner, unless such organs as the epicalyx of mallows, Potentilla, &c., be considered as really parts of the calyx.

In Potentilla and allied genera an epicalyx is formed by the development of stipules from the sepals, which form an apparent outer calyx, the parts of which alternate with the true sepals.

In Malvaceae an epicalyx is formed by the bracteoles.

In some Rosaceous plants an epicalyx is present, due to the formation of stipulary structures by the sepals.