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Taken together, the results extend previous findings indicating that women with early bilateral oophorectomy are at high risk for Alzheimer's disease due to a link between APOE4 and estradiol loss in this cohort.

When the couple’s older child was 19, living at home as a college student, Mrs. James got a call from the pharmacy informing her that her child’s prescription for estradiol, or estrogen, was ready.

The researchers engineered the yeast to degrade proteins essential for life unless estradiol, a type of oestrogen, was present.

In addition, women who showed higher levels of phthalates had lower estradiol and higher follicle-stimulating hormone across the menstrual cycle, which play an important role in ovulation and the early establishment of pregnancy.

So she and her colleagues began collecting urine samples from the primates and testing them for hormonal changes, such as increases in luteinizing hormone and decreases in estradiol, that indicate menopause in humans.