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The epiblast emits Nodal, while the lid, the extraembryonic endoderm, releases the counterpart BMP.

The research team also found that the new culture system produces cells like extraembryonic mesoderm, which is not yet well characterised in human embryos.

For example, the fact that gastruloids do not receive any cues from extraembryonic tissues and yet organize themselves perfectly well gives us an opportunity to figure out how this works.

If there is little FGF, BMP has a strong effect and heart cells and extraembryonic mesoderm are more likely to develop.

This cocktail is mixed by the surrounding extraembryonic tissue and -- depending on its mixture -- e.g. heart or nerve cells are formed.