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It was also 3.5 times more effective against prostate cancer and 7.5 times more effective against fibrosarcoma cells in the lab.

First, the authors assessed the role of the help provided by CD4 T cells at different stages of antitumour immune responses in mice, using a type of mouse cancer, called fibrosarcoma, that is known to induce strong immune responses.

One month after surgical removal of primary fibrosarcoma tumours, the authors injected cancer cells of the same type and monitored tumour growth.

Ferris and colleagues engineered fibrosarcoma cells to express the egg-white protein ovalbumin, which provides a model system to monitor immune responses.

Bioengineer Ke Cheng at North Carolina State University in Raleigh found that when exosomes harvested from fibrosarcoma cells are injected into tumour-bearing mice, the vesicles are drawn to the tumours3.