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When roots were exposed to flagella in high-iron environments, IMA1 was not eliminated, but did not need to be expressed since iron levels were sufficient.

To keep up with their shorter kin, the researchers found, longer bacteria grow a greater number of flagella and disperse their swimming loads among these bundles of limbs.

The amoeboid cells of R. marina, characterized by their near immobility, can produce flagellated cells with two rearward-extending flagella through budding under conditions of prey scarcity.

All five isolates exhibited a distinctive feature of Minorisa, a single flagellum coiled spirally around the cell.

Even life itself depends critically on turbines for fundamental processes, such as the FoF1-ATP synthase that produces fuels for biological cells and the bacterial flagella motor that propels bacteria.