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Men are more likely to be full professors at medical schools and presidents of professional medical associations.

It is just one of many alleged transgressions by Hofman, a full professor and former dean of Leiden’s archaeology faculty, and Hoogland, formerly a senior lecturer there.

Among full professors, that rate is higher — women are 19% more likely to leave academia than men.

If they get promoted, they become tenured associate professors, and eventually they can be promoted to full professors, an indefinite appointment that tends to come with more academic freedom and job security.

Although it was better, Lee said, he twice was passed over for a promotion from associate professor to full professor.