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Known as gastrulation, this crucial process unfolds in the third week of human development.

Using a co-culture technique to form cellular aggregates, he was able to confirm the ability of the generated amniotic ectoderm cells to initiate gastrulation.

"The formation of these centralized Golgi ribbons occurs just before gastrulation, which is the developmental stage at which the embryos establish the fate of different tissues and the body plan of the animal," says Ferraro.

Before gastrulation, vertebrate embryos are simple two-dimensional sheets of cells.

So one of the ways we are trying to use these systems is to model diseases that happen during gastrulation—in this case, ones associated with abnormalities of the spinal cord.