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The general theory of relativity, published by Albert Einstein over a century ago, predicted that black holes could have any mass.

Here, the theory goes, all physical laws, including Einstein's general theory of relativity, no longer apply; the principle of causality is suspended.

As the universe expanded, gravity, as described by Einstein’s general theory of relativity, amplified those variations to create the huge variations we see today in the form of clusters and superclusters of galaxies.

The research has wide-reaching implications, from everyday optical effects to laboratory tests of the general theory of relativity, while giving an idea of why time has a preferred direction.

In 1919, an expedition to watch a total solar eclipse from an island off the west coast of Africa, helped confirm Einstein's general theory of relativity.