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The patient said he drank a daily average of four or five energy drinks in the three weeks before seeking treatment in order to power through labor-intensive construction jobs, with each beverage containing a mixture of B vitamins and an ‘energy blend’ or various supplements such as taurine and glucuronic acid, the doctors wrote.

Microbiota-produced enzymes known as glucuronidases then deconjugate glucuronic acid from noradrenaline, which increases the amount of active noradrenaline in the lumen of the intestine60.

DUF, domain of unknown function; GATL, galacturonosyl transferase-like; GUX, glucuronic acid substitution of xylan; HEX, hexokinase; INV, invertase; IRX, irregular xylem; PGM, phosphoglucomutase; SUSY, sucrose synthase; RWA, reduced wall acetylation; UGD, UDP-glucose dehydrogenase; UGP, UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase; UXS, UDP-xylose synthase.

DUF, domain of unknown function; GATL, galacturonosyl transferase-like; GUX, glucuronic acid substitution of xylan; HEX, hexokinase; INV, invertase; IRX, irregular xylem; PGM, phosphoglucomutase; SUSY, sucrose synthase; RWA, reduced wall acetylation; UGD, UDP-glucose dehydrogenase; UGP, UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase; UXS, UDP-xylose synthase.

Breathable Foods says it’s a safe product that delivers caffeine and a mix of B vitamins to the mouth without containing chemicals found in other energy products, such as taurine or glucuronic acid.