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Foxglove - digitalis - is a source of digitoxin, a glycoside in the drug digitalis, which has been used as a heart stimulant since 1785.

When the flies with the gene developed into adults, their bodies carried low levels of cardiac glycoside, useful as a defense against predation.

The team found that just a single copy with the initial mutation confers some glycoside resistance, a property that may have enabled the change to persist long enough for other, more beneficial mutations to occur.

This assembly, an equally scentless glycoside, stays dissolved inside the grape, waiting to be cleaved apart by a different enzyme and unleashed to announce ripeness or some other message.

By contrast, B. bifidum deploys glycoside hydrolases to the cell wall for extracellular cleavage of HMOs before importing selected products of degradation.