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However, administration of all six had a robust effect on the gene-expression pattern, and a similar expression profile could be induced, at least partially, by exposing macrophages to a mixture of just three of the metabolites: spermidine, guanosine monophosphate and inosine monophosphate.

How do spermidine, guanosine monophosphate and inosine monophosphate induce responses in macrophages, and why do the three metabolites work only when given together?

Guanosine monophosphate and inosine monophosphate are known to signal to G-protein-coupled adenosine receptors9, and spermidine can participate in a broad range of activities.