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Tourniquets are now commonplace in civilian medicine, as are haemostatic powders that clot blood.

Researchers at Case Western Reserve University, Wayne State University and Virginia Tech in the US have synthesised the super-clotting balls - known as haemostatic nanoparticles.

In the surgical treatment of haemorrhage minor means of arresting bleeding are: cold, which is most valuable in general oozing and local extravasations; very hot water, 130� to 160� F., a powerful haemostatic; position, such as elevation of the limb, valuable in bleeding from the extremities; styptics or astringents, applied locally, as perchloride of iron, tannic acid and others, the most valuable being suprarenal extract.

Medicinally, gallic acid has been, and is still, largely used as an astringent, styptic and haemostatic.

So far is it from being an haemostatic that, if perfused through living blood-vessels, it actually dilates them.