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Evolving to thrive on shifting soils, they compete with other high-altitude herbage by yielding extraordinary seed counts — up to 100,000 per plant.

Trees, herbage, even the soil—all were unfamiliar.

Only winter rain can spark the growth of “herbages”, which Jackson says is like “ice cream” for cattle.

For livestock farmers to raise output, cattle, camel and goat breeds need to be better adapted to heat stress and to tolerate a diet of low-quality herbage during droughts.

It turns out the wolves helped repair riverine woodlands not so much by killing deer as by terrifying them, and thus keeping them from lingering lazily riverside, browsing down their favorite herbage.