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“In contrast, the great white shark, with a stocky body that becomes even stockier as it grows, can be 'large' but cannot pass 23 feet to be 'gigantic' because of hydrodynamic constraints.”

"This synchronisation occurs because of hydrodynamic interactions induced by the movement of bacteria in the coupled system," explains Alijani.

In either case, the hydrodynamic body shape lets them both swim rapidly over long distances.

"We found cases where significant reductions in noise are accompanied by noticeable increases in per capita thrust, due to the hydrodynamic interactions between the swimmers."

Due to an interplay between hydrodynamics and ring topology, the BR molecules tumble around the gradient direction, which is perpendicular to the vorticity and flow axes.