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The industry is turning to robot harvesters, hydroponic tabletop farming and other developing technologies to address some of those challenges.

Even produce grown in greenhouses hydroponically can still harbor germs and pesticides.

A group led by researchers at Nagoya University and Meijo University in Japan has developed a disinfection technology that uses low-temperature plasma generated by electricity to cultivate environmentally friendly hydroponically grown crops.

Created to innovate urban farming as a way of ensuring food security in the future, Metro Farm is a hydroponic nursery of more than 30 different herbs, greens, and flowers—all grown vertically.

Her research group has now developed an electrically conductive cultivation substrate tailored to hydroponic cultivation which they call eSoil.