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"Individuals with type 1 diabetes are highly susceptible to infectious diseases and had worse outcomes when they were infected with the SARS-CoV-2 virus," said senior author Denise Faustman, MD, PhD, director of the Immunobiology Laboratory at MGH and an Associate Professor of Medicine at Harvard Medical School.

"Urinary tract infections account for almost 25% of infections in women," said senior author Soman Abraham, Ph.D., professor in the departments of Pathology, Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Integrative Immunobiology, and Cell Biology at Duke University School of Medicine.

"There is a shared immune response between the brain and the eye," said Eric Song, an associate research scientist and resident physician in Yale School of Medicine's Department of Immunobiology and corresponding author of the paper.

Xiangyun Yin, an associate researcher in Yale's Department of Immunobiology; Sophia Zhang, an undergraduate student at Yale College; and Ju Hyun Lee, a doctoral student in the Department of Biomedical Engineering, are co-lead authors of the study.

"We were always wondering whether the copy of the gene on the chromosome coming from the mother could communicate with the second copy on the chromosome coming from the father. Our findings imply an underlying communication between the two alleles and we speculate that MSL2 ensures that mom and dad can talk to each other -- at least molecularly," says Asifa Akhtar, Director at the Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics in Freiburg.