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So if you decide to exclude someone from a paradigm, you have to change the rules and you have to define who is in the in-group and who is in the out-group.

"So, unless we do something about stereotypical judgments and in-group bias, and the many other ways in which unfairness can undermine our workplaces, meritocracy indeed remains a myth."

In that worldview, children are expected to "conform to in-group norms, be obedient, be orderly, be disciplined."

This linkage makes sense, MacWilliams told Salon, because authoritarianism is all about in-group versus out-group thinking.

First, there's the fear of difference and the paranoid belief that those who are deemed "different" are plotting against the in-group.