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The best-known of these schools, the Carlisle Indian Industrial School, opened in 1879, in Pennsylvania, just three years after Plains Indians mounted a last-stand campaign to protect their lands, and wiped out Gen. George Custer and his troops at the battle of Little Big Horn.

Adams began his career at what was then called the New Hampshire State Industrial School in 1961, worked his way up from science teacher to superintendent in charge of the entire facility by the mid-1980s, and retired in 2001.

Before Ichi can begin to entertain customers, though, she must attend the Female Industrial School, where another veteran, Tetsuko, teaches the women of the “pleasure quarter” how to relinquish their “dreadful” regional accents and write elegant letters to clients.

Samuel had been at the Carlisle Indian Industrial School in Pennsylvania for just 47 days when he died in 1895.

The Carlisle Indian Industrial School in south-central Pennsylvania, the first government-operated school for Native Americans, was founded by a former military officer, Richard Henry Pratt.