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Vandegrift has speculated that mice might act as an intermediate host, but tests his team did of white-footed mice living near a research colony of deer infected with SARS‐CoV‑2 came back negative.

The 2009 swine H1N1 virus was a mixing event that led to mammalian adaptation, a process that is not straightforward in any intermediate host.

Hendra virus, in Australia, comes to humans from bats, generally through an intermediate host: horses.

“We have sort of ignored dogs and cats as potential reservoirs or intermediate hosts,” he says.

These nematodes infect a wide range of marine organisms; fish and cephalopods serve as intermediate hosts, while dolphins, whales, seals and other marine mammals are the final hosts.