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But the talks were irrelevant, drowned out by the violence raging on the streets of the West Bank and Gaza, where the second Palestinian uprising, or "intifada", had erupted the previous September.

Uprisings - called intifadas - against Israeli occupation, and reprisals and crackdowns by Israel have also taken place.

The reported incidents included chants of “death to Israel” and “intifada now” and complaints that checkpoints at the encampment allegedly denied entry to Jewish students who refused to denounce Zionism.

At City Hall, a protest leader led the crowd in a chant of “There is only one solution, intifada revolution!”

The guide uses these questions to assess some of the terms and slogans commonly used in the protests, including “From the river to the sea,” “intifada,” “apartheid,” “genocide” and “By any means necessary.”