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Previous simulations had considered the solar system as an isolated system, a clockwork cosmos in which the main perturbations to planetary orbits were internal, resulting from asteroids.

In liquid water, proton transfer is the only reaction mechanism, whilst, in the isolated system, electron-transfer dominates and proton-transfer is a minor channel, but could still be identified in DESIREE.

At the heart of the second law of infodynamics is the concept of entropy – a measure of disorder, which always rises over time in an isolated system.

The altimeter no longer just an isolated system that the pilot reads and interprets “In older generation airplanes, that was sort of an isolated system that the pilot would read and interpret,” he explained.

Time crystals are a tough concept to grasp, but scientists say you can think of them like a perpetual motion machine, adding a caveat to the second law of thermodynamics, which states that any isolated system will degenerate into a more disordered state or entropy.