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Infant formula may contain the highly valuable lactoferrin, which would be usually left in whey.

We know that human milk contains many components which can be effective as antimicrobials – lactoferrin and antimicrobial peptides, for example.

The team used bovine lactoferrin as a model wound-healing drug and entrapped it in the material.

A second study found that lactoferrin — an immune molecule that performs protective functions, such as puncturing the walls of harmful bacteria — was elevated in the weeks before and after an infant was sick.

Combining probiotics with molecules such as human-milk oligosaccharides or lactoferrin might help to improve the picture, Barrington says.