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For example, why do these transitions between laminar and turbulent flows occur and how can the transitions be characterized quantitatively?

"The original Murray's Law was formulated by minimising the energy consumption to maintain the laminar flow in blood vessels, but it was unsuited for synthetic materials," says Binghan Zhou.

If the viscosity is higher, the fluid flows calmly, a state known as laminar.

It turns out that a soccer ball’s drag coefficient is approximately 2.5 times larger for laminar flow than for turbulent flow.

Some low-gooseneck bathroom faucets feature laminar flowing spouts to conserve water and prevent splashing.