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Papin became increasingly discontented in Hesse, where the landgrave failed to give his researches the support he felt they warranted, and so he determined to return to England.

With a stipend from the landgrave, Schütz spent three years there absorbing Italian musical styles and traditions, and would later return to work with Monteverdi.

Or Hermann the crowned landgrave of Thuringia in Wagner’s “Tannhauser” — technically a count rather than a king, but no more modest in the imperial headgear?

When his brother the landgrave Louis IV. died in Italy in September 1227, Henry seized the government of Thuringia and expelled his brother’s widow, St Elizabeth of Hungary, and her son Hermann.

It was richly endowed by Charlemagne and became an ecclesiastical principality in the 12th century, passing under the protection of the landgraves of Hesse in 1423.