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I assumed that this was an immutable law of identity: that in America you could do more or less what you wanted, but the most salient factors of how you were perceived remained the way you looked and where your parents came from.

The law of Identity expresses, therefore, not entire sameness, with which the cessation of all thought would be reached, but simple consistency.

The law of Excluded Middle contains an extension or doubling of the law of Identity, in that the identity here appears, not in the form of consistency, but in that of contradiction; as, "either—or."

The certainty afforded in the law of Identity in positive form, in the law of Contradiction in negative form, in the law of Excluded Middle in the form of an opposition, and in the law of Sufficient Reason in conditional form, is based upon Causality, Community of Species, or Totality.

In the law of Causality, as in the law of Identity, the necessity of self-consistency and the self-consistency of Necessity reaches expression.