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To join the known physics laws of thermodynamics, electromagnetism and Newton’s laws of motion and gravity, the nine scientists and philosophers behind the paper propose their “law of increasing functional information.”

Unlike, say, Newton’s laws of motion, which precisely track objects’ trajectories, a wave function tracks only the probability that an electron, say, will behave in a certain way.

Despite a failing grade on his college physics exam, Mr. Billingsley sought to replace those “classical precepts” with Newton’s laws of motion.

Newton’s laws of motion and gravitation gave physicists an explanation for the way planets and objects move through the universe.

Wigner, a prominent quantum theorist, notes that the equations embedded in Newton’s laws of motion, quantum mechanics and general relativity are extraordinarily, even unreasonably effective.