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This finding may be especially important given that axial symptoms, such as gait or postural stability problems, typically do not respond well to DBS and existing dopaminergic therapies, such as levodopa.

Two journals have retracted papers related to Rutherford’s levodopa research, citing methodological problems.

Carbidopa/levodopa, a common first-line medication for the treatment of Parkinson’s disease motor symptoms, if taken with high protein meals, is not well absorbed, and may become less effective.

Martin herself recently created a tomato that produces levodopa, the primary drug for treating Parkinson’s disease, in hopes of making the drug both more affordable and more tolerable.

For the first few years after diagnosis, many individuals’ symptoms are well controlled by levodopa.