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To give a sense of the scope of the task, pure lithium chloride melts at just over 600° C. Lithium metal melts at 180° C, meaning any useful molten salt electrolyte would have to have a far lower melting point.

They also gave mice small but painful electric shocks to the tail, or injected the animals with lithium chloride to induce malaise.

These included electric shocks to the tail, sweet treats, and lithium chloride injections, which induced a state akin to nausea.

Moreover, Mr Brinsden argues that spodumene can be processed directly into lithium hydroxide, which is preferred by battery-makers to the lithium carbonate that comes from lithium chloride in brine.

The RNA was precipitated with lithium chloride and quantified by spectrophotometry.