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Fractures of the femur, the long bone in the upper leg, are a widespread injury in humans and are prevalent among elderly individuals.

Meanwhile, when exposed to G-CSF, long bones rapidly increased formation of granulocyte progenitors and mature neutrophils.

Scooter riders also had higher odds of experiencing long bone fractures and paralysis than their bicycle riding counterparts, though both groups were similarly likely to suffer traumatic brain injuries.

Working in mice, scientists in Greenblatt’s laboratory isolated stem cells from both the vertebrae and what are known as the long bones, such as the femur in the leg.

This collection of bones was incomplete—it included only a few long bones—and lay beside the remains of a woman from whom no DNA was successfully extracted.