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The scientists followed up in the commercial facilities and learned that the carton-forming mandrels -- those machinery parts that open the small, flat-lying, single-serving carton in the filling process -- needed more attention and cleaning.

This operation is done quite rapidly with a pneumatic gun, hence the two-part "ker-bang" noise as the mandrel is pulled through the rivet, then breaks off with a bang to complete the job.

He uses only his hands, cast-iron mandrels, wood patterns, lathes and other machinery inherited from his grandfather.

A bit of the wire of proper length is first doubled and then by a special contrivance the two ends are bent around a mandrel so as to form an insertion point or loop.

In small work that has been drilled or bored, a short mandrel is used instead of the piece b.