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The mixture known as Agent Orange is a combination of two herbicides that the U.S. brought to Vietnam in huge volumes to kill off jungles and mangroves that hid opposition forces during the Vietnam war.

"The place was greener, not only mangroves, but all by the shoreline - there were pawpaw trees, palm trees and more. But during the spills, the destruction has polluted everywhere," the 50-year-old mother of six said.

However, the center's study reveals that natural ecosystems -- particularly mangroves -- can be equally, if not more, effective as coastal defenses, while providing additional environmental benefits.

"Local communities in Mauritius have been aware of oil contamination in the mangrove wetlands since the Wakashio spill, but no official confirmation had been made regarding the source," Dr Scarlett said.

In the book, a grid of endless shrimp ponds in Indonesia stretches where mangrove forests recently stood.