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At the top of the list of “characteristics targeted for elimination from the human population” from the late 19th century up through at least the 1950s were “manic-depressive psychosis” and “bipolar disorder.”

I know only that my mother, while still in fourth grade, watched Tomoyo go through a manic-depressive episode.

Violaine was 10 at the time of that crash; her mother, subsequently hospitalized and diagnosed as manic-depressive, was 42.

Characterized by extreme shifts in mood, “manic-depressive illness” was officially recognized by the American Psychiatric Association in 1952.

Iris, stately in her silk trousers and Nehru jacket, introducing herself in the group meetings as “a manic-depressive of 27 years’ standing.”