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The breakdown of this “manorial” system left many of those women dependent on charity.

But by and large, Medieval Europe operated on a feudal or manorial system, in which most of the rural population was essentially servile, owing rent and/or services to aristocratic landowners in exchange for the use of their land.

The mouldboard plough helped usher in the manorial system in Northern Europe.

But the right of common may exceed these lines in many ways: it may be joined to a tenement which lies outside the manorial system, or a plot freshly reclaimed from the waste, or to a holding belonging to some other manor.

The relation of free tenancies to the manorial system turns out to be a complex one.