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The tribunal said that her protected disclosures were "an effective or material cause of her treatment".

After the bill was slimmed down — leaving provisions such as one restoring the existing statute, which had been rendered ineffective by a subsequent law, and another requiring the franchiser to establish material cause before terminating the franchise — the industry group withdrew its opposition, allowing swift passage.

As far as Aristotle was concerned, as we saw in Chapter 3, causal explanations had four components: the formal cause, the final cause, the material cause and the efficient cause.

You can substitute lead piping for glass, so again the material cause is irrelevant; any pipe sealed at one end will work.

There are no formal or final causes, and the material cause never varies.