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Normally, barriers exist within the protective covering of the brain, called the meninges, to prevent unwanted spillage into the brain.

So if you bend the neck, because the meninges are inflamed, the knees will also bend.

The meninges comprise three layers that surround the brain: pia, arachnoid and dura.

To plan the procedure, 3D and virtual reality models were used to precisely simulate the best way to separate bones, blood vessels and meninges, or the membranes covering the brain.

Most migraine researchers think that the pain of an attack is generated by increased firing of the trigeminal nerves, which carry sensory information from the face and the meninges that sheathe the brain.