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"It was a very big shock," IG Metall union spokesman Steffen Schmidt tells me over a cup of coffee near the WV factory in Wolfsburg.

Also in December, Volkswagen announced it had reached a deal with the IG Metall trade union which will avert plant closures in Germany and avoid immediate compulsory redundancies.

Volkswagen has reached a deal with the IG Metall trade union which will avert plant closures in Germany and avoid immediate compulsory redundancies.

"No site will be closed, no-one will be laid off for operational reasons and our company wage agreement will be secured for the long term," said IG Metall's works council chief Daniela Cavallo.

The battle began in late October when a handful of Tesla mechanics joined the Swedish labor union IF Metall.