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Memory B cells manufacture the right antibodies quickly when a familiar microbe appears.

Oh, we talked family, too, as well as friends, food and, yes, our apocalyptic reckoning with microbes.

So scientists have been running experiments monitoring how microbes degrade biochar over a few years in soil, then extrapolating that over longer time scales.

A small but growing number of producers in Canada are now selling this maple water in bottles or cartons, after first giving it a filter and pasteurisation to kill off any microbes.

The microbes multiply as they consume the hydrogen, the carbon dioxide, and a few additional nutrients, such as calcium and phosphorous.