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In the northern broadleaf forests of the U.S. and Canada, alien earthworms' impact on soil stresses trees such as sugar maples by altering the microhabitat of their soils.

When assessing risk, it plans to group the more than 900 endangered species that may live in and around farmland according to their biology, such as the microhabitat they live in.

As a microhabitat, leaf litter is diverse.

“They create this little microhabitat for reptiles, lichens, rare herbs and fungi,” Whitfield said.

“Butterfly species that aren’t very good at controlling their temperature with small behavioural changes, but rely on choosing a microhabitat at the right temperature, are likely to suffer the most from climate change and habitat loss,” said Dr Andrew Bladon, of the University of Cambridge, and lead author of the study.