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In addition, by varying the shape of, or the number of atomic and molecular ions in, larger Coulomb crystals, or both, we have tuned the effective rotational temperature from about 7kelvin to about 60kelvin by changing the translational micromotion energy of the ions.

For this extreme micromotion energy, a strong deviation from a thermal distribution is noticeable.

This is because micromotion is induced only along a single spatial direction at any given point in space, whereas the He velocity distribution can be assumed isotropic.

In , this population is plotted as a function of the average micromotion energy, Eavg, and is seen to be a monotonically decreasing function of .

For the case of single molecular ions, the rotational temperature may be tuned as well, by momentarily moving the ion into regions with large, but controlled, micromotion.