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Spraying insulin up the nose — where brain tissue reaches outside the brain, making up the olfactory bulb — improves cognition in people with early Alzheimer’s dementia and with mild cognitive impairment.

"When patients are diagnosed with Parkinson's disease, 25% to 30% already have mild cognitive impairment. As the disorder progresses into its later stages, 50% to 70% of patients complain of cognitive problems," said Lalitha Madhavan, MD, PhD, an associate professor of neurology at the University of Arizona College of Medicine -- Tucson.

Once the gut barrier is breached, even friendly microbes can stir up inflammation, causing health issues ranging from overweight to obesity, infections to autoimmune disease, and mild cognitive impairment to Alzheimer's.

Leqembi is approved for mild dementia and also a diagnosis known as mild cognitive impairment, where patients have more memory problems than others their age but can compensate and continue their daily activities.

People who engaged in one or more sessions of vigorous physical activity per week had lower rates of mild cognitive impairment and dementia.