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The researchers are now planning a metagenomic study that extends the time series to cover periods of even more intense sea ice minima.

In momentum space, free electrons are found in the local minima and maxima of the energy landscape, namely at points where the conduction and valence bands meet.

Our home star goes through periods called grand minima when there are few to no sunspots.

Adding a period of low sun activity, known as grand solar minima, into the mix produced more dramatic effects.

Evidence from ice cores suggests that, around this same time, the Sun was experiencing several “grand minima”—episodes of low magnetic activity.